1922 Pogroms
Within weeks of the ratification of the Treaty of surrender and
the split in the Republican Movement, the unionist regime, in an
attempt to consolidate their artificially created state, began a
systematic policy of extermination against the nationalist
population in the Six Counties.
There was consternation among northern nationalist at the
acceptance of the Treaty in January 1922 and the agreement
between Michael Collins, head of the Free State's `Provisional
Government' and James Craig, the `Northern Ireland' Prime
Minister which called-off the Belfast Boycott (a boycott of
Belfast goods imposed by Dail Eireann in response to the Belfast
pogroms of the summer of 1920). Fear also followed the breakdown
of the talks of the Boundary Commission which it was believed
would allocate large areas of the Six-County state to the
southern state. The nationalist population in the North felt
betrayed, abandoned and very much at the mercy of the Orange
bigots in the new sectarian state. Their fears were fully
justified.
Rioting on a serious scale broke out in the North in early
February 1922. Backed up by the newly formed A and B Specials,
loyalist mobs began systematic attacks against the nationalist
population, burning their homes and driving them from their jobs.
On 12 February, the loyalists launched a violent onslaught in the
Catholic ghettos of Belfast which continued for four days. They
then resumed again on 23 February. During these three weeks 138
casualties were reported in Belfast of which 98 were
nationalists. The death toll in the North for February was 44,
thirty of whom were killed in Belfast on a single night.
One of the worst atrocities during these pogroms occurred on 14
February. A bomb was thrown into a group of Catholic children as
they were playing in Weaver Street, off the Shore Road in
Belfast, killing six of them.
Despite the intervention of the IRA in defence of the beleaguered
nationalist population, there were burnings, shootings and
looting on a massive scale throughout February. As the pogroms
intensified, thousands of refugees streamed south to Dublin while
over 1,000 crossed to Glasgow.
At the end of February, in an act which made the nationalist
population feel more isolated, Craig ordered the blocking of all
minor roads across the border while the main roads were patrolled
by the A and B Specials. Craig appointed the bigot, Sir Henry
Wilson, a fierce enemy of Irish nationalism, as adviser to the
new northern regime.
Throughout the spring and early summer of 1922 the pogroms
continued with 60 people being killed in Belfast alone during
March. The pogroms reached their climax in May and June with
constant heavy firing into nationalist ghettos. Nationalists were
killed at random by Specials and loyalist murder gangs who were
intent on terrorising the nationalist community into a state of
abject submission.
When the pogroms of the early summer finally subsided it as
established that another 9,000 nationalists had been driven from
their work and the number rendered homeless had increased to
23,000. By the middle of June 1922, 264 people had been killed in
the Six Counties since the signing of the Treaty - 171
nationalist and 93 loyalists.
A terrific intensification of the pogrom against the nationalist
population in Belfast began on 17 February 1922, 75 years ago
this week.